Matatu Ekukuru Kwakaita Mapoka Mapoka
Kune matatu mapoka matatu ekukurukura einjini yedhizi anobva pasimba - diki, svikiro, uye rakakura. Iyo mainjini madiki ane simba-rinobuda kukosha kweisingasviki gumi nematanhatu kilowatts. Iyi ndiyo inowanzogadzirwa inogadzirwa yedhizi yeinjini yeinjini. Aya mainjini anoshandiswa mumotokari, marori akareruka, uye zvimwe zvekurima uye zvekuvaka zvinonyadzisa zvemagetsi zvemagetsi-magetsi (akadai seyekunakidza hunyanzvi) uye semuchina madhiraivha. Ivo vanowanzove vakananga-jekiseni, mumutsara, mana- kana matanhatu-cylinder injini. Vazhinji vanoteedzerwa neateveracoolers.

Endsium Engjini ine masimba masimba kubva pa88 kusvika pa750 kilowatts, kana 252 kusvika 1,006 horspower. Ruzhinji rweinjinini aya vanoshandiswa mumarurgwa anorema-system. Ivo vanowanzove vakananga-jekiseni, mu-mutsara, matanhatu-silinda turbochged uye mushure meinjineni. Vamwe V-8 uye V-12 Injini zvakare ndeya yeboka iri saizi.

Injini hombe dzezvisviniro dzine masimba emagetsi anopfuura makumi manomwe nemashanu kilowatts. Idzi injini dzakasarudzika dzinoshandiswa kumarine, locomotive, uye michina yekutyaira mafomu uye yechizvarwa chemagetsi-simba. Muzviitiko zvakawanda ivo vakatungamira-jekiseni, turbocharged uye vakasarudzika masisitimu. Ivo vangangodaro vachishanda seyakaderera se500 kumukira paminiti kana kuvimbika uye kusimba kuri kutsoropodza.

Maviri-stroke uye ina-stroke injini
Sezvambotaurwa pakutanga, mainini ezvisviniro akagadzirirwa kushanda pane maviri-kana mana-stroke kutenderera. Muchiitiko chakajairwa-chinja-cycle-cycle-cycle uye chinyama uye chakaperuka macves uye mafuta-jekiseni nozzle iri mune cylinder musoro (ona mufananidzo). Kazhinji, gara-mbiri vhusarongeka - kudya kwemaviri uye maviri macves-anoshandirwa.
Kushandisa kwekutenderera kwemaviri-stroke kunogona kubvisa kudiwa kweimwe kana maviri mavharuvhu mune injini dhizaini. Scavenging uye Intake Mhepo inowanzopihwa kuburikidza nemicheka muCylinder Liner. Kupera simba kunogona kunge kuri kuburikidza nemakavha ari mumusoro wecylinder kana kuburikidza nemachira mune silinda liner. Kuvakwa kweinjini kunove nyore kana uchishandisa dhizaini dhizaini pane imwe yaida ma cours.

Mafuta ekurara
Zvigadzirwa zvechipfuva zvinowanzo shandiswa sehuni dzechisingazivikanwe zvinwiwa zvinoumbwa nehurema hwekuremerwa hydrocarbons, neinenge gumi nematanhatu kusvika gumi nematanhatu carbon maatomu. Aya anorema distillates anotorwa kubva pamafuta asina kuchena mushure mekuwedzera kwemari yezvikamu zvinoshandiswa mumapeturu anobviswa. Pfungwa dzinobikwa dzeaya anorema distillates kubva pa127 kusvika 343 ° C (351 kusvika 649 ° F). Nekudaro, kupisa kwavo kwemuchura kwakakwirira kupfuura iyo yedenga, iyo ine mashoma carbon maatomu emolicule.

Mvura uye sediment mufuti inogona kukuvadza kuinjini kushanda; Mafuta akachena akakosha kuti arambe arema jekiseni. Mafuta neakakwira kabhoni yakasara inogona kubatwa zvakanaka neinjines yekudzikira-kumhanya kutenderera. Izvi zvakafanana zvinoshanda kune avo vane yakakwira ASH uye Sulfur yezvinyorwa. Nhamba yeCETane, iyo inotsanangura mhando yehunhu hwemafuta, inotsanangurwa uchishandisa ASTM D613 "Nzira yakajairwa yeCETane yeCET OEL Mafuta."

Kuvandudzwa kwemazwi edhizeri
Basa rekutanga
Rudolf Diesel, Injini yeGerman, Injini yeGerman, iyo injini iyo yave ichitumidza zita rake mushure mekunge awedzera kuwanda kweiyo entto injini Nikolaus otto). Diesel yakaziva kuti magetsi ekurongedza kwemagetsi enjini inogona kubviswa kana, panguva yekumanikidza yekumanikidza yePiston-Cylinder Diesel yakaratidza kutenderera kwakadaro mumatare ake e 1892 uye 1893.
Pakutanga, ingave yakavezwa marasha kana mvura peturu yakakurudzirwa sehuni. Diesel yakaona marasha akapfeka, nechigadzirwa chemazinga emarasha emarasha, sehuni inowanikwa nyore. Kumanikidzwa kwemhepo kwaifanira kushandiswa kusuma guruva guruva kupinda muinjini cylinder; Nekudaro, kudzora mwero wejekisi yerara yakanga yakaoma, uye, mushure mekunge injini yekuedza yakaparadzwa nekuputika, Diesel yakatendeukira kuPetroleum. Akaenderera mberi nekuzivisa mafuta muinjini nemhepo yakamanikidzwa.
Injini yekutanga yekushambadzira yakavakwa pamatanho aira yakaiswa muSt. MuUnited States neCanada. Iyo injini inoshanda zvinobudirira kwemakore uye yaive yekutanga yeBusch-Sulzer Injini Yakawanda ZveUSA Naver muGronton, Conn.

Injini yeDiel yakazova iyo yekutanga Simba chirimwa cheHondo Yenyika I. Yakanga isiri chete zvehupfumi mukushandisa mafuta asiwo zvakaratidza kuvimbika mumamiriro etarime. Diesel mafuta, kushomeka kusakwana pane peturu, kwaive kwakachengetwa zvakachengeteka uye kubatwa.
Pakupera kwehondo varume vazhinji vaivata zvavanga vachitsvaga mabasa ezana. Vagadziri vakatanga kuweretesa madhayeti ehupfumi hwezvinhu. Imwe shanduko yaive kukura kweiyo semidiel iyo yakashanda pane maviri-stroke kutenderera pane yakaderera compresm kudzvinyirira uye kushandiswa kweiyo inopisa bulb kana tube yekukanda mafuta. Shanduko idzi dzakaguma neinjini isingadhuri kuvaka uye kuchengetedza.

Fuel-Injection tekinoroji
Chimwe chinhu chinorambidza chizere cheki chizere ndechekuti kukosha kwekumanikidza-kumanikidzwa, jekiseni air compressor. Haisi chete simba raidikanwa kuti utyaire iyo mhepo compressor yakaitika apo mhepo yakamanikidzwa, kazhinji pamapaundi echikepe (kamwe kamwe yakawedzerwa mu cylinder, yaive pakumanikidzwa kweanenge 3.4 kusvika 4 Megapascals (493 kusvika 580 mapaundi pane mraba inch). Diesel yaive yaida mweya wakakwirira-kudzvinyirira uchasuma marasha emuchadenga mumusarinder; Kana mvura yemvura yakadzoreredzwa pamakiromita emvura sehuni, pombi inogona kuitwa kutora nzvimbo yeiyo yakakwirira-yekumanikidza mweya wekumanikidza.

Paive paine nzira dzinoverengeka dzaigona kushandiswa pombi. MuEngland iyo Vickers kambani yakashandisa nzira yainzi iyo yakajairika nzira, umo bhatiri remapepa akachengetedza mafuta pasi pekumanikidzwa mune enjini yekunamatira Kubva kuchitima ichi (kana kuti pombi) mutsara wemafuta, nhevedzano yemavharavira jekiseni yakabvuma mari yekubhadhara mafuta kune cylinder yega yega panguva yekurudyi. Imwe nzira yakashanda cam-yakashanda jerk, kana plunger-mhando, mapumla ekununura mafuta pasi pekumanikidzwa kwenguva pfupi kune jekiseni rejekiseni rezvemitemo imwe neimwe panguva chaiyo.

Kubviswa kweiyo jekiseni mhepo yekunyora yaive nhanho kurudyi, asi pakanga paine rimwe dambudziko rekugadziriswa. Aive mhepo yakakwana mu cylinder kuti ipise mhosva yemafuta isina kusiya yakaderedzwa yakanatswa yakajairika yakaratidza kuti yakaratidza kuwandisa. Njere dzakazokuziva kuti dambudziko racho raive rekunyanyisa-kudzvinyirira mhepo kuputika mubatanidzwa Tsvaga maatomu eokisijeni kuti apedze maitiro ekutsika, uye, sezvo oksijeni inoumba chete makumi maviri muzana emhepo, rimwe nerimwe rehuni yemafuta raingova nemukana mumwe chete mune mashanu ekusangana neatomu reokisijeni. Mhedzisiro yacho yakanga iri kupisa zvisina kunaka kwehuni.

Iyo yakajairwa dhizaini yehuma-jekiseni yakaunza mafuta mu cylinder muchimiro che cone chipukunyu, pamwe nemupendero unopenya kubva kune ruzha, pane rwizi kana jet. Zvishoma kwazvo zvinogona kuitwa kusanganisa mafuta zvakanyanya. Kuvandudzwa kusanganisa kwaifanira kuitwa nekuwedzera kuwedzera kufambiswa kumhepo, kazhinji neyakagadzirwa-kubereka mhepo swirls kana kufambisa mhepo, kana zvese, kubva kumucheto wekunze kwe pistoni kuenda pakati. Nzira dzakasiyana siyana dzakashandiswa kugadzira iyi swirl uye squish. Mhedzisiro yakanakisa inoita kunge yakawanikwa kana iyo mhepo Swirl ichipa hukama chaihwo kune iyo mafuta-jekiseni chiyero. Kushanda kwakashandiswa nemhepo mukati meiyo cylinder inodaidzira yeTortity iyo inokonzera mweya wekutenderera kuti uende kuenderera mberi kubva kune imwe nguva inotevera panguva yeiyo jekiseni pakati peiyo jekiseni.