Zvikwata zvitatu zvakakosha saizi
Kune matatu makuru saizi mapoka emainjini edhiziri akavakirwa pasimba — madiki, epakati, uye makuru.Injini diki dzine simba-kubuda kwemaitiro asingasviki 16 kilowatts.Iyi ndiyo inonyanya kugadzirwa yedhiziri mhando.Idzi injini dzinoshandiswa mumotokari, marori akareruka, uye mamwe mabasa ekurima uye ekuvaka uye semajenareta madiki akamira emagetsi (akadai seaya ari pamabasa emafaro) uye semadhiraivha.Iwo anowanzo akananga-jekiseni, mu-mutsara, mana- kana matanhatu-cylinder injini.Mazhinji ane turbocharged nemaaftercoolers.

Injini dzepakati dzine simba rinobva pa188 kusvika 750 kilowatts, kana 252 kusvika 1,006 horsepower.Ruzhinji rweinjini idzi dzinoshandiswa mumarori anorema.Vanowanzova vakananga-jekiseni, mu-mutsara, matanhatu-cylinder turbocharged uye aftercooled injini.Vamwe V-8 uye V-12 injini zvakare vari veboka iri saizi.

Injini dzedhiziri dzakakura dzine masimba anodarika 750 kilowatts.Idzi injini dzakasarudzika dzinoshandiswa kumarine, locomotive, uye mechanic drive application uye yemagetsi-simba rekugadzira.Muzviitiko zvakawanda ivo vakananga-jekiseni, turbocharged uye aftercooled systems.Vanogona kushanda zvakaderera se500 revolutions paminiti kana kuvimbika uye kusimba kwakakosha.

Two-stroke uye Four-stroke Injini
Sezvambotaurwa, injini dzedhiziri dzakagadzirirwa kushanda pane maviri- kana mana-stroke kutenderera.Mune inojairika ina-stroke-cycle injini, mavharuvhu ekupinza uye ekupera uye mafuta-jekiseni nozzle anowanikwa muhumburumbira musoro (ona mufananidzo).Kazhinji, mavharuvhu maviri-aviri ekupinza uye maviri epoost mavharuvhu anoshandiswa.
Kushandiswa kweiyo maviri-stroke kutenderera kunogona kubvisa kudiwa kweimwe kana ese mavharuvhu mukugadzira injini.Kutsvaira uye kupinza mweya kunowanzo kupihwa kuburikidza nemadoko mune silinda liner.Exhaust inogona kunge iri kuburikidza nemavharuvhu ari muhumburumbira musoro kana kuburikidza nemachiteshi muhumburumbira liner.Kuvakwa kweinjini kunorerutswa kana uchishandisa dhizaini yechiteshi pane imwe inoda mavharuvhu emhepo.

Mafuta edhiziri
Zvigadzirwa zvepetroleum zvinowanzo shandiswa sehuni dzeinjini dzedhiziri madhiziri anoumbwa nemahydrocarbons anorema, ane kanokwana gumi nemaviri kusvika gumi nematanhatu maatomu pamorekuru.Aya anorema distillates anotorwa kubva mumafuta asina kuchena mushure mekunge zvikamu zvinopisa zvakanyanya zvinoshandiswa mupeturu zvabviswa.Mapoinzi ekuvira kweaya anorema madhireti anobva pa177 kusvika 343 °C (351 kusvika 649 °F).Saka, tembiricha yavo yekubuda evaporation yakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura yepeturu, ine maatomu ekabhoni mashoma pamorekuru.

Mvura uye sediment mumafuta zvinogona kukuvadza kushanda kweinjini;mafuta akachena akakosha kune majekiseni anobudirira.Mafuta ane yakakwira kabhoni akasara anogona kubatwa zvakanaka neinjini dzepasi-kumhanya kutenderera.Izvo zvinoshandawo kune avo vane madota akakwirira uye sarufa.Iyo cetane nhamba, iyo inotsanangura kunaka kwekupisa kwemafuta, inotemerwa uchishandisa ASTM D613 "Standard Test Method yeCetane Nhamba yeDiesel Fuel Mafuta."

Kuvandudzwa kweinjini dzedhiziri
Basa rekutanga
Rudolf Diesel, injiniya wokuGermany, akavamba pfungwa yeinjini yava kudanwa zita rake pashure pokunge atsvaka mudziyo wekuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka kweinjini yeOtto (injini yokutanga ine mavhiri mana, yakavakwa nainjiniya wokuGermany womuzana remakore rechi19. Nikolaus Otto).Diesel yakaziva kuti kupisa kwemagetsi kweinjini yepeturu kwaigona kubviswa kana, panguva yekudzvanywa kwepiston-cylinder mudziyo, kudzvanywa kwaigona kupisa mweya kusvika kune tembiricha yakakwira kupfuura tembiricha yekudzima yemafuta akapihwa.Diesel akakurudzira kutenderera kwakadaro mumatende ake e1892 na1893.
Pakutanga, angave marasha ehupfu kana kuti petroleum yemvura yakatsanangurwa sehuni.Diesel yakaona marasha ehupfu, kubva-chigadzirwa chemigodhi yemarasha yeSaar, semafuta anowanikwa zviri nyore.Mhepo yakatsikirirwa yaizoshandiswa kupinza huruva yemarasha muhumburumbira hweinjini;zvisinei, kudzora mwero wejekiseni remarasha kwakanga kwakaoma, uye, pashure pokunge injini yekuedza yakaparadzwa nokuputika, Diesel yakachinja kuva petroleum yemvura.Akaramba achipinza mafuta muinjini nemhepo yakamanikidzwa.
Injini yekutanga yekutengeserana yakavakwa pamatendi eDiesel yakaiswa muSt. Louis, Mo., naAdolphus Busch, mubiki wedoro akanga aona imwe iri pashoo yeMunich uye akanga atenga rezinesi kubva kuDiesel kugadzira nekutengesa injini. muUnited States neCanada.Injini yakashanda zvinobudirira kwemakore uye ndiyo yakafanotungamira injini yeBusch-Sulzer yaifambisa ngarava dzepasi pemvura zhinji dzeU.S. Navy muHondo Yenyika I. Imwe injini yedhiziri yakashandiswa nokuda kwechinangwa chimwe chetecho yaiva yeNelseco, yakavakwa neNew London Ship and Engine Company. muGroton, Conn.

Injini yedhiziri yakava gwenya guru rekugadzira simba rengarava dzepasi pemvura munguva yeHondo Yenyika I. Yakanga isingangobatsiri mari chete mukushandiswa kwemafuta asiwo yakabvumikisa kuva yakavimbika munguva yehondo.Mafuta edhiziri, asinganyanyi kunyura pane peturu, aive akachengetedzwa zvakanyanya uye akabatwa.
Pakapera hondo varume vakawanda vakanga vashandisa dhiziri vakanga vachitsvaka mabasa enguva yorugare.Vagadziri vakatanga kugadzirisa madhiziri ehupfumi hwenguva yerunyararo.Imwe gadziriso yaive kugadzirwa kweyainzi semidiesel iyo yaishanda paviri-stroke cycle pane yakaderera compression pressure uye yakashandisa girobhu rinopisa kana chubhu kubatidza kubhadharisa mafuta.Shanduko idzi dzakakonzera kuti injini iite isingadhure kugadzira nekuchengetedza.

Fuel-injection tekinoroji
Chimwe chinhu chisingarambikidze chedhiziri yakazara kwaive kudiwa kweiyo high-pressure, jekiseni air compressor.Hakusi chete simba raidiwa kutyaira mweya compressor, asi firiji mhedzisiro iyo yakanonoka kudzima yakaitika apo mweya wakatsikirirwa, kazhinji pa6.9 megapascals (1,000 pounds per square inch), wakaerekana wawedzera muhumburumbira, iyo yaive padzvinyiriro ingangoita 3.4 kusvika ku4 megapascals (493 kusvika 580 mapaundi painch inch).Diesel yaida mhepo ine simba guru yekupinza nayo marasha eupfu muhumburumbira;peturu yemvura payakatsiva marasha ehupfu sehuni, pombi yaigona kuitwa kuti itore nzvimbo yemhepo inotsikirira.

Pakanga pane nzira dzakawanda dzokushandisa pombi.MuEngland Vickers Company yakashandisa yainzi common-rail method, umo bhatiri repombi raichengeta mafuta ari pasi pekumanikidzwa mupombi inomhanya kureba kweinjini ine zvinotungamira kune silinda imwe neimwe.Kubva panjanji iyi (kana pombi) mutsetse wekugovera mafuta, nhevedzano yemavharuvhu ejekiseni yakabvuma kubhadhariswa kwemafuta kune silinda yega yega panzvimbo yakakodzera mukutenderera kwayo.Imwe nzira inoshandiswa nekam-operated jerk, kana plunger-type, pombi kuendesa mafuta pasi penguva pfupi yakakwira kuvharuvhu yejekiseni yecylinder imwe neimwe panguva yakakodzera.

Kubviswa kwejekiseni remhepo compressor yaive nhanho munzira kwayo, asi pakanga paine rimwe dambudziko raizogadziriswa: epositi yeinjini yaive nehuwandu hwehutsi hwehutsi, kunyangwe pazvinobuda zvakanaka mukati mekuyera simba reinjini uye kunyangwe ipapo. mhepo yaikwana muhumburumbira kuti upise mafuta ekuchajisa pasina kusiya tsvina ine ruvara yaiwanzoratidza kuwandisa.Mainjiniya vakazoona kuti dambudziko raive rekuti mweya wejekiseni wenguva pfupi waiputika mucylinder yeinjini wakaparadzira mafuta emafuta zvakanyanya kupfuura aikwanisa kuita ma mechanical fuel nozzles, nemhedzisiro yekuti pasina air compressor mafuta aifanira kuita. tsvaga maatomu eokisijeni kuti apedze kupisa, uye, sezvo okisijeni ichingoita 20 muzana chete yemhepo, atomu imwe neimwe yehuni yaingova nemukana mushanu wekusangana neatomu reokisijeni.Mhedzisiro yacho yaive kupisa zvisina kufanira kwehuni.

Iyo yakajairika dhizaini yejojo ​​jekiseni yemafuta yakaunza mafuta muhumburumbira nenzira yekoni yekupfapfaidza, ine mhute inopenya kubva mumuromo, kwete murukova kana jeti.Zvishoma zvikuru zvaigona kuitwa kuparadzira mafuta zvakanyatsonaka.Kusanganiswa kwakavandudzwa kwaifanira kuitwa nekupa kumwe kufamba kumhepo, kazhinji neinduction-yakagadzirwa mhepo inotenderera kana kutenderera kwemhepo, kunonzi squish, kana zvese zviri zviviri, kubva kumucheto wekunze kwepiston wakananga pakati.Nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzakashandiswa kugadzira iyi swirl uye squish.Mhedzisiro yakanakisa sezviri pachena inowanikwa kana mhepo inotenderera iine hukama chaihwo nechiyero chemafuta-jekiseni.Kushandiswa zvakanaka kwemhepo mukati mehumburumbira kunoda kutenderera kwemhepo inoita kuti mweya wakavharirwa ufambe uchifamba kubva pane imwe pfapfaidzo uchienda kune imwe panguva yekubaya jekiseni, pasina kudzikira kwakanyanya pakati pematenderedzwa.